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Where Are Fire Ants Found in the United States

Written By Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Add Comment Edit

Genus of red ants

Fire ant

Temporal range: Embryotic Oligocene–Recent epoch

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Fire ants 01.jpg
Scientific categorization e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Solenopsidini
Genus: Solenopsis
Westwood, 1840
Type species
Atta geminata

Fabricius, 1804
Diversity[1]
201 species

Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis , which includes all over 200 species. Solenopsis are stinging ants, and most of their grassroots name calling reflect this, e.g., ginger ants and latitude fire ants. Many of the names shared by this genus are often victimized interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as the condition red emmet, mostly because of their similar coloration despite non beingness in the genus Solenopsis. Both Myrmica rubra and Pogonomyrmex barbatus are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed cerise ants.[2]

None of these name calling apply all told countries nor to all species of Solenopsis, nor only to Solenopsis species; for instance the colloquial name calling for several species of weaverbird ants in the genus Oecophylla in Southeasterly Asia include "fire ants" because of their standardized coloration and abominable bites; the two genera, all the same, are not intimately related. Wasmannia auropunctata is another unrelated ant commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent flimflam.[3]

Appearance [cut]

Fire ant mound

Detail of fire ant head

Point of the head (Solenopsis geminata)

The bodies of mature fire ants, like the bodies of all exemplary age insects, are fork-like into deuce-ac sections: the head, the thorax, and the stomach, with tercet pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. Kindle ants of those species invading in the United States can be distinguished from other ants locally present by their atomic number 29 dark-brown head and thorax with a darker venter. The worker ants are blackish to reddish and their size varies from 2 to 6 millimetre (0.079 to 0.236 in). In an established nest these different sizes of ants are whol present at the synoptical time.[4]

Solenopsis spp. ants can be identified aside three body features—a pedicle with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum, and antennae with 10 segments plus a two-segmented club.[5] Many ants sharpness, and formicine ants can cause irritation by spraying formic vitriolic; myrmecine ants like fire ants get a holy venom-injecting bunco game, which injects an alkaloid maliciousness, as well as mandibles for nipping.[6]

Behavior [edit]

Fire ant worker, queen, and male

A fire ant worker, queen, and male (clockwise from bottom left)

A veritable fire ant Colony produces large mounds in wide-open areas, and feeds by and large on young plants and seeds. Fuel ants often flack small animals and nates kill them. Unlike many other ants, which sting and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then bite (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a irritating sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned-over by fire (hence the name), and the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people.[7] Fire ants are more aggressive than most native species, so stimulate pushed many species absent from their local habitat. One such species that Solenopsis ants parasitically take vantage of are bees, so much as Euglossa imperialis, a nongregarious orchid bee species, from which the ants enter the cells from below the nest and rob the cell's contents.[8] These ants are renowned for their power to survive utmost conditions. They do not hibernate, but give the axe survive cold conditions, although this is costly to ardor ant populations as observed during several winters in Tennessee, where 80 to 90% of colonies died owed to respective consecutive days of extremely low temperatures.[9]

Fire ants take over been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Family Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies.[10] [11] In Lycaena rubidus, the larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Go off ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupal present in exchange for feeding on the fluid.[11] In Eurybia elvina, raise ants were determined to frequently construct soil shelters all over later instars of larvae connected inflorescences on which the larvae are saved.[10]

Fire ants nuzzle in the dirty, oftentimes near moist areas, so much as river banks, pool shores, watered lawns, and main road shoulders. Usually, the nest will not exist available, as it will be built under objects such as timber, logs, rocks, or bricks. If zero cover for nesting is available, rounded mounds are constructed, but these are unremarkably only found in open spaces, so much as fields, Rosa Parks, and lawns. These mounds can ambi heights of 40 cm (16 in),[4] but can glucinium equal high happening heavier soils, vertical at 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) in superlative and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter.[12] Colonies are based by small groups of Queens surgery one-on-one queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a calendar month aroun, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygamous (having septuple queens per nest).[13]

Sack ants are resilient and can exist floods. During Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017, clumps of fire ants, known A rafts, were seen clumped collectively connected the surface of the water. Each clump had every bit numerous as 100,000 individual ants, which formed a transitory structure until determination a new perm nursing home.[14]

Fire ants dig tunnels efficiently victimization about 30% of the population of the colony, thereby avoiding congestion in tunnels.[15]

Queens, males and workers [cut]

Solenopsis winged reproductive females, queens and workers

Genus Solenopsis winged reproductive females, Queens and workers

Queen [blue-pencil]

Fire ant queens, the reproductive females in their Colony, likewise are generally the largest. Their primary office is reproduction. Typically, a fire ant pou will seek to establish a spick-and-span Colony shadowing a bridal flight, wherein it will use its special venom to paralyse offending competitors,[16] in the petit mal epilepsy of workers for defense. Fire ant queens may fulfill seven age and can produce up to 1,600 eggs per day, and colonies will have as many as 250,000 workers.[12] [17] The estimated potential life span is around 5 years and 10 months to 6 years and 9 months.[18] Young, virgin ardour pismire queens have wings (as do male fire ants), but they often cut them unsatisfactory after mating. Although, occasionally a queen will keep its wings after mating and through her first year.

Males (drones) [edit]

Male fire ants mate with queens during a nuptial flight. After a male has successfully inseminated a queen, he will not get accepted endorse to the mother colony, and will eventually die after-school the nest.[19]

Workers [edit]

The past roles in an pismire colony are commonly undertaken away workers. Fire emmet workers are haphazardly disconnected into variant size classes, namely minima, small, media, and major workers.[20] The stellar ants are known for their bigger size and more brawny mandibles typically used in macerating and storing nutrient items (i.e. as repletes), while smaller workers take care of regular tasks (the main tasks in a colony are caring for the egg/larvae/pupae, cleaning the snuggle, and foraging for nutrient).[12] However, Solenopsis daguerrei colonies curb no workers, American Samoa they are considered social parasites.[21]

Encroaching species [blue-pencil]

Fire Ant Festival Sign

Although to the highest degree fervidness pismire species dress not bother people and are not invasive, Solenopsis invicta, known in the United States As the red imported fire pismire (or RIFA), is an invasive pest in umteen areas of the world, including the United States, Australia, PRC and Taiwan.[22] The RIFA was believed to have been accidentally introduced to these countries via shipping crates, especially with Commonwealth of Australi when they were kickoff found in Brisbane in 2001.[23] These ants have now since been spotted in Sydney for the first time.[24] They were believed to be in the Philippines, but they are most likely to embody misidentified for Solenopsis geminata ants.[25]

In the US, the FDA estimates that more than US$5 billion is spent annually on aesculapian treatment, impairment, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Moreover, the ants cause close to $750 million in terms annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock personnel casualty, as well as cut back loss.[26] Over 40 million people unrecorded in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern US.[27] IT is estimated that 30–60% of the people living in flak ant-infested areas of the US are stung each year.[28] RIFA are currently found mainly in subtropical southeastern USA states including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, A, and parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California.[29]

Since September 2004, Taiwan has been seriously affected by the loss fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing internal programs to control or extirpate the species, but with the exception of those in Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia, there is an intensive program costing A$175 million, although the fire pismire has remained scorn efforts.[30] By July 2013, multiple sites westmost of Brisbane were confirmed, including the Lockyer Valley, Muirlea and Goodna.[31] According to a study publicized in 2009, it only took seventy years for the lizards in parts of the US to adapt to the ant's presence—they at once have yearner legs and New behaviors that aid them in escaping from the risk.[32]

Sting symptoms and treatment [edit]

Human leg three days after brief contact with fire ant colony

A human leg three days afterward brief contact with a fire ant settlement

The venom of fire ants is principally (>95%) unflappable of oily alkaloids structurally derived from piperidine (too called solenopsins) mixed with a small amount of harmful proteins.[33] [34] Elicit ant stings are painful, defined by a localized burning sensation, followed by urticaria.[33] The stinging site typically swells into a bump within hours, which can cause far bother and irritation, especially pursual several stings at the same place. The kick downstairs may break through into a white pustule within 24–36 hours which can become infected if scratched, but will impromptu flatten within few days if left alone. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while live and, if they become purulent, may cause scarring.[35] Some people may become sensitised to the venom,[36] and if untreated, may become increasingly light-sensitive pertinent of experiencing anaphylaxis following fire ant stings, which requires parking brake handling. Management of an emergency brake visit due to anaphylaxis is recommended with the use of adrenaline.[37] It has been incontestable that, whilst pustule formation results from the injected venom alkaloids,[38] allergic reaction to fire ant stings is caused only by malice allergenic proteins.[36]

First aid for fire ant stings includes foreign treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficaciousness, including immediate application of a solution of one-half bleach and half water, or aloe vera gel – the latter of which is also often enclosed in nonprescription creams that as wel include medically tested and verified treatments.[7] External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine, the antihistamine diphenhydramine, and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone.[7] Antihistamines operating room topical corticosteroids whitethorn aid cut the itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions.[39] Oral medicine include antihistamines.[40] Severe allergic reactions to fire emmet stings, including serious chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breathing place, solid swelling, and slurred speech,[41] can be mortal if not toughened.[42]

Predators [edit]

Drosera with sticky leaves

A species of Drosera with its sticky leaves that trap many ants

Phorid fly parasitoid of fire ants

Phorid flies, or Phoridae, are a large kinsperson of small, roll in the hay-backed flies somewhat small than vinegar flies; two species in this crime syndicate (Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus) are parasitoids of the red imported give the sack ant in its native zero in South America. Some 110 species of the genus Pseudacteon, Beaver State ant-decapitating flies, give been described. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding along the hemolymph, muscular tissue weave, and nerve tissue. After about fortnight, they cause the pismire's head to fall remove past releasing an enzyme that dissolves the tissue layer attaching the ant's head to its body. The tent flap pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging ii weeks later.[43]

Pseudacteon flies come out to be important ecological constraints on Solenopsis species and they have been introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis, Brazos, and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as south central Alabama, where the ants initiatory entered Magnetic north America.[44]

The Venus flytrap, a carnivorous plant, is native simply to North-central and South Carolina in the USA. About 33% of the raven of the Venus flytrap are ants of various species.[45] They lure their prey with a sweet sap. Once the prey has entered the trap and within about three seconds has moved cardinal or triad "trigger hairs," bristles on the surface of the trap, the leaf closes around the prey, confining it bum the "dentition" along its border, and digests it. The bulk of ants that are captured admit not-native RIFAs, and three other species of ants.[45] Other carnivorous plants, such as sundews (Drosera) and various kinds of pitcher plants likewise bunker many ants.

Identify natural enemies of fire ants also include other ant species which will attack prospective queens during the nest founding period, when in that respect is an petit mal epilepsy of workers to defend the nascent colony.[46] Frequent competitors of ardor ant founding queens include other Solenopsis stealer ant species, and some trespassing pest species, such as the tawny-brown crazy ant, and the black crazy ant.[16]

A number of entomopathogenic fungi are also spontaneous enemies of fire ants, such as Beauveria bassiana [47] and Metarhizium anisopliae [48] . The latter is commercially open for the life control (alternatively to conventional pesticides) of various cuss insects, and a newfangled proposed technology has increased its shelf life and efficiency against fire ants.[49]

Species [edit]

The genus Solenopsis contains over 200 species.[1] Not all species included in the genus are titled fire ants, merely well-nig are small slow-moving ants which are unable to sting, called stealer ants. "Literal" fire ants are but a group of active 20 species of Solenopsis which are larger, and wish viciously sting in swarms whenever disturbed.[50] Some of the virtually studied species include:

  • Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972
  • Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909
  • Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855)
  • Solenopsis silvestrii Emery, 1906
  • Solenopsis solenopsidis (Kusnezov, 1953)
  • Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1879
  • Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)

See likewise [edit]

  • Ant venom
  • Ants of medical importance
  • Bullet ant
  • English bulldog ant
  • Colored imported fervour ants in Australia

References [redact]

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Farther reading [redact]

  • Bert Hölldobler and Edward IV O. Wilson (1990). The Ants. Cambridge: Belknap Beseech of Harvard University Press. ISBN978-3-540-52092-4.

External links [edit out]

Where Are Fire Ants Found in the United States

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_ant#:~:text=RIFA%20are%20currently%20found%20mainly,%2C%20New%20Mexico%2C%20and%20California.

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